Facts for Kids: Haudenosaunee (Iroquois) Indians (2024)

Iroquois Tribe

Lacrosse playerOneida dancerOnondaga child

How do you pronounce the word "Iroquois"? What does it mean?
Iroquois is pronounced "eer-uh-kwoy" in English. It's an English corruption of a French corruption of an Algonquian word meaning "real snakes."This may have been an insulting nickname (the Algonquian and Iroquois Indians were traditional enemies,) or it could havejust come from a placename which meant "Snake River." The Iroquois tribes originally called their confederacy Kanonsionni, which means "people of the longhouse." Today they call themselves the Haudenosaunee or Six Nations, though many people still usethe word Iroquois.

Who were the Iroquois tribes?
There were five tribes in the original Iroquois Confederacy: the Mohawk,Seneca, Oneida,Onondaga, and Cayuga tribes.Later a sixth nation, the Tuscarora tribe, joined the confederation.

Many other tribes, such as the Huron and the Cherokees, are sometimes called "Iroquoian" tribes.They are called that because they are distant relatives of the Iroquois Confederacy tribes and speakrelated languages. However, they were never part of the Iroquois Confederacy. In fact, they were sometimesat war with them.

How was the Iroquois Confederacy organized?
The Iroquois Confederacy, also known as the Iroquois League, was governed by the Iroquois Great Council. Each Iroquois nation sent between eight and fourteen leaders to the Great Council, where they agreed on political decisions through discussion and voting. Although these politicians were called "chiefs," they were actually elected officials,chosen by the clan mothers (or matriarchs) of each tribe. Each individual nation also had its own tribal councilto make local decisions. This is similar to how American states each have their own government, but all are subject to the greater US government. In fact, the Iroquois Confederacy was one of the examples of representative democracy used as a model by America's founding fathers.

The Iroquois Great Council continues to meet in the present day, although today most political matters are decided by thegovernments of the individual Iroquois nations.

Where do the Iroquois Indians live?
The Iroquois tribes are original residents of the northeastern woodlands area. The heart of the Iroquois homeland is located inwhat is now New York state. (The Tuscaroras originally lived further to the south, and migrated north to join the rest of the Iroquois tribes.)Many Iroquois people still live in New York today, or across the border in Canada (Ontario and Quebec.)Other Iroquois groups were forced to move west to Oklahoma or Wisconsin during the 1800's, and their descendants arestill living there today.

What language do the Iroquois Indians speak?
There were six different languages spoken by the Iroquois nations: Mohawk, Seneca,Oneida, Onondaga,Cayuga, and Tuscarora.These languages are all related to each other, just as the European languages Spanish, French, and Italian are all related to eachother. Some Iroquois people could speak more than one of these languages. In particular, important Iroquois men usually learned Mohawk,because Mohawk was the language they usually used at the Great Council and at Iroquois religious festivals.

Most Iroquois people speak English today, but some people, especially elders, still speak the native language of their own tribe.Here is a comparative chart of Iroquois words,a website where you can hear Iroquois words being spoken,and a Mohawk picture glossary.

What was Iroquois culture like in the past? What is it like now?

Iroquois wampum belt

Here are links to the Haudenosaunee Grand Counciland the Six Nations of the Grand River, where you can find information about the Iroquois Confederacy past and present. Here is the website of theIroquois Museum of New York, where you can see photographs of Iroquois art andartifacts.

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How do Iroquois Indian children live, and what did they do in the past?

Iroquois dolls

They do the same things any children do--play with each other, go to school and help around the house. Many Iroquois children like to go hunting and fishing with their fathers. In the past, Indian kids had more chores and less time to play, just like colonial children. But Iroquois kids did have cornhusk dolls, toys, and games, such as onegame where kids tried to throw a dart through a moving hoop.Lacrossewas also a popular sport among Iroquois boys as it was among adult men. Iroquois mothers, like many Native Americans, had the tradition of carrying their babies in cradleboards on their backs. Here is a website with Iroquois cradleboard pictures.

What were men and women's roles in the Iroquois tribe?
Iroquois men were in charge of hunting, trading, and war. Iroquois women were in charge of farming, property, and family.These different roles were reflected in Iroquois government. Iroquois clans were ruled by women, who made all theland and resource decisions for each clan. But the chiefs, who made military decisions and trade agreements, were alwaysmen. Only men represented the Iroquois Confederacy at the Great Council, but only women voted to determine who the representatives of each tribe would be. Both genders took part in Iroquois storytelling, artwork and music, and traditional medicine.

What were Iroquois homes like in the past?

Iroquois longhouse sketch

The Iroquois people lived in villages of longhouses. A longhouse was a large wood-frame building covered with sheets of elm bark. Iroquois longhouses were up to a hundred feet long, and each one housed an entire clan(as many as 60 people.) Here are some pictures of Indian longhouses likethe ones Iroquois Indians used, and a drawing of what a longhouse looked like on the inside. Today, Iroquois families live in modern houses and apartment buildings, just like you.

What was Iroquois clothing like? Did Iroquois people wear feather headdresses and face paint?

Iroquois clothing Iroquois moccasins

Iroquois men wore breechcloths with long leggings. Iroquois women wore wraparound skirts with shorter leggings.Men did not originally wear shirts in Iroquois culture, but women often wore a tunic called an overdress. Iroquois people also wore moccasins on their feet and heavy robes in winter. In colonial times, the Iroquois adapted European costume like long cloth shirts, decorating them with fancy beadwork and ribbon applique. Here is a webpageabout traditional Iroquois dress, and here are some photosand links about American Indian clothes in general. The Iroquois Indians did not wear long headdresses like the Sioux Indians. Iroquois men wore agustoweh, which was afeathered cap with different insignia for each tribe (the headdress worn by the man in this picture has three eagle feathers,showing that he is Mohawk.)Iroquois women sometimes wore special beaded tiaras.Iroquois warriors often shaved their heads except for a crest downthe center of their head (known as a roach or a Mohawk.) Sometimes they augmented this hairstyle with splayed feathers or artificial roaches made of brightly dyed porcupine and deer hair. Here are some pictures of these different kinds of American Indian headdresses.Iroquois Indian women only cut their hair when they were in mourning, wearing it long and loose or plaited into a long braid.Men sometimes decorated their faces and bodies with tattoo patterns, but Iroquois women generally didn't paint or tattoo themselves. Today, some Iroquois people still wear moccasins or a beaded shirt, but they wear modern clothes like jeans instead of breechcloths... and they only wear feathers in their hair on special occasions like a dance.

What was Iroquois transportation like in the days before cars? Did Iroquois people paddle canoes?

Iroquois snowshoes

Sometimes--the Iroquois Indians did use elm-bark or dugout canoes for fishing trips, but usually preferred to travel by land.Here is a website with pictures of Indian fishing boats.Originally the Iroquois tribes used dogs as pack animals. (There were no horses in North America until colonists brought them over from Europe.) In wintertime, Iroquois people used laced snowshoes and sleds to travel through the snow.

What was Iroquois food like in the days before supermarkets?

Iroquois farmers

The Iroquois were farming people. Iroquois women did most of the farming, planting crops of corn, beans, and squash and harvesting wild berries and herbs.Iroquois men did most of the hunting, shooting deer and elk and fishing in the rivers.Iroquois Indian dishes included cornbread, soups, and stews cooked on stone hearths.Here is a neat slideshow of anIroquois girl demonstrating a traditional cornbread recipe, and here is a website with more informationabout Woodland Indian foods in general.

What were Iroquois weapons and tools like in the past?

Iroquois war club

Iroquois hunters used bows and arrows. Iroquois fishermen generally used spears and fishing poles.In war, Iroquois men used their bows and arrows or fought with clubs, spears and shields.Here is a website with pictures and information about the Iroquois war cluband other Native weapons. Other important tools used by the Iroquois Indians included stone adzes (hand axes for woodworking), flint knives for skinning animals, andwooden hoes for farming. The Iroquois were skilled woodworkers, steaming wood sothey could bend it into curved tools. Some Iroquois people still make lacrosse sticks this way today.

What are Iroquois arts and crafts like?

Iroquois beadwork

The Iroquois tribes were known for their carved wooden masks.Iroquois masks are considered such a sacred art form that outsiders are still not permitted to view many of them. Another traditional Iroquois art form was porcupine quill work.The Iroquois Indians also crafted wampum out of white and purple shell beads. Wampum beads weretraded as a kind of currency, but they were more culturally important as an art material. The designs and symbols on Iroquois wampum belts often told a story or represented a person's family.

What was Iroquois music like?

Iroquois water drum

The two most important Iroquois instruments are drums and flutes.Native Iroquois drums were often filled with water to give them a distinctive sound different from the drums of other tribes. Most Iroquois music is very rhythmic and consists mostly of drumming andlively singing. Flutes were used to woo women in the Iroquois tribes. An Iroquois Indian man would play beautiful flute music outside a woman's longhouse at night to show her he was thinking about her.

What other Native Americans did the Iroquois tribes interact with?
The Iroquois Indians were fierce warriors who fought with most of the other eastern tribes, particularly the Wabanaki tribes, the Algonquin and Ojibwe tribes, and the Mohican bands.The Iroquois tribes also engaged in trade with their neighbors. Iroquois traders exchanged corn, tobacco and woodcrafts for furs and quahog shells.

What kinds of stories do the Iroquois Indians tell?
There are lots of traditional Iroquois legends and fairy tales. Storytelling is very important to the Iroquois Indian culture. Here is an Oneida myth about the origin of mosquitoes.

What about Iroquois religion?
Spirituality and religion were important parts of Iroquois life, and some people continue to practice traditional beliefs today.It is respectful to avoid imitating religious rituals for school projects since some Iroquois people care about them deeply.You can read and learn about them, however. You can visit this site to learn more about Iroquois mythology or this site about Native religions in general.

Can you recommend a good book on the Iroquois Confederacy?
Lacrosse: The National Game of the Iroquois is alively look at the traditions of this sport and Iroquois history in general, tracing the lives three generations of Onondaga lacrosse players.Legends of the Iroquois is a good collection of Six Nations myths, retold by a Mohawk author. Wampum Belts of the Iroquois is an interesting look at the symbolism and significance of the different wampum belt designs used by the Iroquois peoples. If You Lived With The Iroquois provides a good look atdaily life and customs in the Iroquois tribes in the old days.You can also browse through our reading list of recommended Native American children's books.Disclaimer: we are an Amazon affiliate and our website earns a commission if you buy a book through one of these links.Most of them can also be found in a public library, though!

How do I cite your website in my bibliography?
You will need to ask your teacher for the format he or she wants you to use in class. The authors' names are Laura Redish andOrrin Lewis and the title of our site is Native Languages of the Americas. We are a nonprofit educational organizationworking to preserve and protect Native American languages and culture. You can learn more about our organizationhere. Our website was first created in 1998 and last updated in 2020.

Thanks for your interest in the Iroquois Indian people and their languages!

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